Analysis and synthesis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis and synthesis - Essay Example In summary it described Facebook, presented Facebook users’ dislike on Facebook’s new design, mentioned Facebook’s financial challenges and Facebook users’ love-hate relationship with Facebook. The article does not end there, it also has advises on how to properly use the site. One advice given was to take advantage of privacy settings to manage networks in order for them to speak discreetly to certain friends, such as family, close friends, co-workers as opposed to other ‘friends’ such as bosses or professional colleagues. Barton told the an amusing story wherein an employee was fired due to his obscene status message regarding to his disappointment in his work which the boss has read because he is his ‘friend’ in facebook. The virtual world article on the other hand was brilliant in that if one missed to read the title she would have understood it as real life drama. Unlike the Facebook article which was very straightforward, the author took on a different approach. At first, it narrated a story of two avatars that were married and had a property together. The amusing thing was that it was slightly exaggerated though on a healthy level wherein it is entertaining to the readers. The story built up the more serious issue tackled by the paper- access and control. It compared the case of one real person having real, tangible property to some virtual one who has virtual property. The former is protected by law, specifically, property rights. The later on the other hand have the mediation of the network of software and the owner of the virtual environment who has interests to protect as well. It gave examples of real life people who encountered problems regarding accounts (Email, social networking sites and gaming accounts) of their family, close friend or even virtual partners who passed away. It went on to citing the companies’ good reasons in

Rational Thought and Technological Advancement Essay Example for Free

Rational Thought and Technological Advancement Essay 1 The notion of rational thought is a very strong reason technology has become so influential in the world today. The opening of the mind influenced all ways of life and society. Major ideas blossomed like politics, governing laws, literature, art, history, and new inventions. Scientific thinking was groundbreaking. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engrossed the public. The revolution of rational thought dominated society and began a transition because people began using reason to explain human and natural events, rather than the gods. Many Philosophers with their rational thought put things in motion for people to begin to question what influenced their lives in the time of Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Rational thinking gave birth to new inventors to include Hero or Heron of Alexandria. It also made its impact on the way inventions would work throughout history into modern times. Three major contributors to the theory of rational thought were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. With their search for more knowledge came newer teaching for others, which began a new revolution of education. People were questioning the major factors that ran their lives. The rights people were questioning were their choice of religion, their social standing, and their government and laws. Within these times new governments and laws were formed along with new theories of art and new technological advances. Scientific thinking was groundbreaking among Greek minds. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engro ssed the public. During times like the industrial revolution technology came into play through rational thought. People began to think of ways to better themselves and took on the theory to better their work. People began to question the meanings of life and began using their minds to expand the world. Even today, rational thought is used by all of us and continues to influence society. 2 The creation of rational thought began with the Age of Enlightenment. People believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. Their principal targets were religion (embodied in France in the Catholic Church) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy. (Brian, Paul) The citizens were open to new ideas and influenced by traders from around the world. Laws were invented and written down to express the will of their society. Although, monarchies still often ruled during the 1700s, but with less security than in earlier times. The English executed their king in 1642, France executed their king and queen (in 1793 and 1794 respectively) during the French Revolution, and other European monarchies soon fell. Royal instability suggested insecurity of the social order over which aristocracies had ruled. (McClure, Beverly) During the Age of Enlightenment politics and democracy exploded. The French Revolution began due to the fact that people were now thinking of themselves and not how they could serve others. The French Revolution, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a lasting impact on French hi story and more broadly throughout Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside. Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy regarding monarchs, aristocrats, and the Catholic Church were abruptly overthrown by new principles liberty, equality and fraternity. The royal houses across Europe were horrified and led a counter-crusade that by 1814 had restored the old monarchy, but many 3 major reforms became permanent. So too did antagonisms between the supporters and enemies of the Revolution, who fought it out politically over the next two centuries. People were also thinking of how they could make their individual lives better. New inventions to include the Millennium Clock, the spinning jenny, and steam powered products were realized during this time. Although steam powered products were not really realized until this time they were invented long before. Hero or Heron of Alexandria was an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition. Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (hence sometimes called a Hero engine). Among his most famous inventions was a wind wheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land. He is said to have been a follower of the Atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius. Although, much of Heros original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved in Arab manuscripts. The first steam powered invention fully used turned up in the 18th century. Since the beginning of the 18th century, many inventors and designers had been hard at work trying to get steam to function as an industrial power source. Many technical problems stood in the way, but one inventor, James Watts, took the bull by the horns and developed a condenser, a double-acting engine and governor to make the steam engine practical as a new energy source. After the Revolution, Politicians and citizens were able to debate issues and question justice. This form of independent thinking brought great pride and self-confidence to members of 4 society. On 10 June 1789, Abbà © Sieyà ¨s moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the Communes proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them. They proceeded to do so two days later, completing the process on 17 June. Then they voted a measure far more radical, declaring themselves the National Assembly, an assembly not of the Estates but of the People. Philosophy and rational thinking continued to grow throughout the world in the next few centuries. Rational thought had become the most dominant ideology in Western Civilization. Philosophers aimed to examine human happiness, self-control, and equality. Also, there was a major focus on the study of science. Understanding the world from the human required many philosophers to devote immense research in science. In turn this influenced how the western world reasoned and used rational thought. This allowed for huge successes for further Philosophy, architecture, a rt, mathematics, anatomy, botany, literature, and creativity. A few Greek philosophers named Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were rational thinkers who influenced their worlds. These three contemporary wise men influenced Western Civilization and technology with their quest for knowledge and thought, and their writings that are still widely read today! Socrates believed that knowledge was the key to good life and that knowledge led to happy citizens with good moral conduct.(Kemerling, Garth) One of the best known sayings of Socrates is I only know that I know nothing. The conventional interpretation of this remark is that Socrates wisdom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance. Socrates believed wrongdoing was a consequence of ignorance and those who did wrong knew 5 no better. The one thing Socrates consistently claimed to have knowledge of was the art of love, which he connected with the concept of the love of wisdom, i.e., philosophy. He never actually claimed to be wise, only to understand the path a lover of wisdom must take in pursuing it. It is debatable whether Socrates believed humans (as opposed to gods like Apollo) could actually become wise. On the one hand, he drew a clear line between human ignorance and ideal knowledge; on the other, Platos Symposium (Diotimas Speech) and Republic (Allegory of the Cave) describe a method for ascending to wisdom. His beliefs and questions angered many of his peers so much, that they convicted him of corrupting society and sentenced him to death. Plato was Socrates student and â€Å"he displays in his works his absorption in the political events and intellectual movements of his time, but the questions he raises are so profound and the strategies he uses for tackling them so richly suggestive and pr ovocative that educated readers of nearly every period have in some way been influenced by him, and in practically every age there have been philosophers who count themselves Platonists in some important respects†.(Kraut, Richard) He sought knowledge on creating a perfect society. Also, he opened a school for rational thought called the Academy. In this school, he stressed that knowledge was found through debate and the conflict created from them. There is great debate on how Plato died. There are many theories to include him dying in his sleep and dying at a wedding feast. The last of the three great Greek philosophers was Aristotle. Aristotle was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He was a writer of logic, politics, and biology. He summarized most of the previous knowledge of philosophy into his own writings. Aristotle collected constitutions from many Greek states, researched them, and provided ideas for greater political thought. Questions arose from every 6 debate or conversation and rational thought exploded. Due to the rise of all the questions on life, and possible answers, rational thought surfaced. New centers for education began opening around the world. These centers spread new ideas including: writing and rhetoric, mathematics, innovations, arts, technologies, and medicines. Also, there was a major focus on the study of science. Understanding the world from the human required many philosophers to devote immense research in science. In turn this influenced how the western world reasoned and used rational thought. Rational Thinking began to grow. It made people begin to think of things in a whole new light, to include how their lives could be made easier with new inventions. Alexandria was the site of creative inventors and scientific researchers. Citizens there built a huge library called the House of the Muses. The library grew to include star observatories, lecture halls, and laboratories, and also held over half a million manu scripts. Rational thought allowed scientists and inventors a better understanding of the world around them. Mathematicians like Euclid and Archimedes studied geometry and higher mathematics (Encyclopedia Britannica). Archimedes also invented a screw pump that lifted water from the ground. (Noel, William) Others invented navigational instruments and mapmaking abilities for ships out at sea, built small steam engines, and even washing machines. Geographers tried to map the world, while astronomers questioned life outside the world. Alexandria was, unfortunately, destroyed by the Christians in the fourth century. (Chesser, Preston) Imagine what the world would be like if all the knowledge and 7 research had made it out of Alexandria. The information that did survive the destruction continues to help researchers to this day. Overall, rational thought is something most of us take for granted. It is from the rational thought influence that we are able to think for ourselves and make well thought out decisions. Rational thought gave the individual a new outlook on their daily lives and how they could step away from the old way of living under the heel of the church. It is from the Greek influence that we are able to think for ourselves and make rational decisions. Great minds have helped contribute to this great civilization we live in. The world has forever been changed by the ability to reason and question reality. Without the humble beginnings of rational thought our world may not be as advanced in technology as it is today. The Western world has forever been changed by the ability to reason and question reality. Many future civilizations used the thoughts of famous Greeks a nd today rational thought is more powerful than ever. The most valuable things in the world are just trinkets compared to the value of the mind. From the beginning of the age rational thought our modern civilizations have been based around how to make our lives easier with better decisions. We are accustomed to thinking of rationality as a feature of modern societies. Modernity has been accompanied by an unprecedented growth of science and the breakdown of many taboos. We are able, as our ancestors were not, to question everything, choose our leaders, and 8 build on reliable knowledge accumulated over the past few hundred years. This is why modernity appears to us as a value that must be preserved. References Brian, Paul 1998, â€Å"The Enlightment†, Washington University http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html. McClure, Beverly, â€Å"The Enlightenment, Age of Reason† Southwest Tennessee Community College http://www.westga.edu/~mmcfar/enlightenment_or_age_of_reas.htm Kemerling, Garth, â€Å"Socrates† (1997) http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/socr.htm. Kraut, Richard, Plato, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/plato/. Britannica, Encyclopedia, 2006, â€Å"The Elements†, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194880/Euclid Noel, William, â€Å"The Archimedes Palimpsest†, (2006), http://archimedespalimpsest.org/about/management/ Chesser, Preston â€Å"The Burning of the Library of Alexandria†, (2002), http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/articleview.cfm?aid=9

The Importance Of Quality In Tourism

The Importance Of Quality In Tourism Quality service is a management tool that provides companies with a means of monitoring service from the customers perspective. Quality Assurance refers to any planned and systematic activity directed towards providing consumers with goods and services of appropriate quality, along with the confidence that they meet consumers requirements. Quality assurance depend on excellence of two focal points in business the design of goods and services and to control quality during execution of service delivery which is aided by some form of measure and inspection (Evans and Lindsay, 2010). A quality services management system is a result oriented approach. It deals with the service characteristics that really matter to end-users(consumers); it addresses service providers who have tangible results to expose to consumers; it guarantees the customers the high quality of service they can receive during their stay in a lodging and it provides staff with metadology to show commitment to quality serv ices (Reyad, 2005). The concept of quality is widely discussed in hospitality management. In the hospitality industry is defined as the consistent delivery of products and guest services according to standards. Increasingly, Guests are willing to pay more when they visit hospitality properties offering services that meets or exceeds their service expectations. The level of quality service is an important factor in the experience that guests receive during their visits to lodging operations (Hayes, 2011). By creating value for the guests the lodging establishment can manage successfully to retain its guests. Managers must recognize the importance of client retention, since the attraction of a new customer is regarded to be more expensive and time consuming (Reyad, 2005).In an increasingly competitive market, the issue of quality has grown in significance for hotel businesses. This has been influenced by a number of factors, such as the expansion of consumer rights and the alleged emergence of new quality conscious tourists. In addition greater competitiveness has caused hotel companies to be increasingly aware of the importance of quality as a source of competitive advantage (Varvaresos, 2006). The components of quality in the hospitality industry that can be used to develop and implement a quality service system are the following: Consider the guests being served. Determine what the guest desire. Develop procedures to deliver what guests wants. Train and empower staff. Implement revised systems. Evaluate and identify service delivery systems. (Pearson, 2011). Quality self evaluation by the hotel industry (usually through comment cards in the guest rooms or online questionnaires) is very important so that the hoteliers can identify and solve problems. Regular and systematic analysis of evaluation results may lead to a wide range of advantages, amongst them: Measuring the matching degree of customers needs and expectations and comparing the results with perceived quality. Acting as a basis for the strategic process, identifying improvement activities; and Controlling competitiveness in quality with the help of benchmarking (Varvaresos, 2006). Hospitality and tourism services, among others, can be differentiated on the basis of variety offered and the volume of customers processed. This can vary from a high volume operation offering a very restricted range of products and services to a lower volume operation where every customer receives a unique or highly customized service. Another key variable in any key variable in any service operation is the nature of the service contact. High contact has an extra level of social interaction associated with staff, while a low contact service requires the staff to perform largely technical skills. Each requires a different approach with a high level of contact requiring sophisticated social skills training, together with a good level of product knowledge, whereas low level of contact requires simpler customers care and technical training. A low contact service may also be suitable for substitution by information technology or self service. (Laura, 2011) Customer Service (McIntyre-Pike, 1978) Customer service is the essence of the hospitality industry. The importance of customer service in the hospitality industry is stressed in professional courses as well as on the job training modules since aspiring hoteliers, restauranteurs and others in the industry need to be well aware of its significance and implication for successful business operations. Benefits of customer service Under-promise and over-delivery should be the mantra for success. Should be attentive and passionate about customer needs. Build a relationship based on trust and loyalty. This will result in customer loyalty and retention. Feedback of customer service Stay open to suggestions. Understand what is your customers expectations. Place a suggestion box in your hotel reception, cafà ©, air, travel or tourism office. Act upon suggestions to show care. It is essential to understand the importance of customer service in hospitality to make a positive difference to the business by listening and learning. Prompt Service Provide the best service. Ensure customer satisfaction. If customers arent satisfied they will seek satisfaction elsewhere. Convenience The hospitality industry thrives on convenience. If your customer service is missing this essential ingredient, your business wont last long unless you bring about changes that demonstrate your commitment to customer satisfaction. Remember that the service and hospitality industries were built to offer the basics of convenience to customers. Today, as the industry is expanding and the competition is growing, hotel conglomerates are getting innovative and thinking of means to achieve the highest standards in convenience offerings. Value The importance of customer service in hospitality emanates from the principle that the customer needs to be treated with priority, and he should see value in what he gets. If a customer strongly believes he is getting value for the money he is paying, he will keep coming back. On the contrary, dissatisfaction with your customer service will make him turn back an The importance of customer service in hospitality emanates from the principle that the customer needs to be treated with priority, and he should see value in what he gets. If a customer strongly believes he is getting value for the money he is paying, he will keep coming back. On the contrary, dissatisfaction with your customer service will make him turn back and look for value offerings from your competition.

Emily Dickinson and Charles Wright :: essays research papers

Faith and spirituality can be explored in the poetry of the New England poet Emily Dickinson and the Southern poet Charles Wright. Dickinson seeks for inspiration in the Bible, while Charles Wright looks to Dickinson as a source of information, guidance and inspiration. Wright suggest that â€Å"[Dickinson’s] poetry [is] an electron microscope trained on the infinite and the idea of God†¦. Her poems are immense voyages into the unknowable.†(Quarter) Charles Wright whose poetry captures a compilation of influences states that "There are three things, basically, that [he] writes about — language, landscape, and the idea of God." Dickinson and Wright centered their poetry in their belief in God and both share the influence of the Bible. Although, Emily Dickinson physically isolated herself from the world she managed to maintain friendships by communicating through correspondence. Ironically, Dickinson’s poetry was collected and published after her death. Dickinson explores life and death in most of her poems by questioning the existence of God. Dickinson applies common human experiences as images to illustrate the connection from the personal level of the human being, to a universal level of faith and God. This can be seen in Dickinson’s Poem (I, 45). There's something quieter than sleep Within this inner room! It wears a sprig upon its breast— And will not tell its name. Some touch it, and some kiss it— Some chafe its idle hand— It has a simple gravity I do not understand! I would not weep if I were they— How rude in one to sob! Might scare the quiet fairy Back to her native wood! While simple-hearted neighbors Chat of the "Early dead"— We—prone to periphrasis Remark that Birds have fled! Dickinson employs vivid impressions of death in this poem. In the first line, she employs the analogy between sleep and death; sleep is silent but death lives within silence. She uses the word â€Å"it† to help identify something other than human. She declares that â€Å"it†¦.will not tell its name† as thought it refuses to speak and then resents the dead for its stillness and laziness. Then she acknowledges the attraction she has to death by doubting its â€Å"gravity†. In the third stanza, she expresses that she would not cry for the dead because not only is it offensive to the dead but it might panic the soul to return to dust. Christians believe that from the earth we are made and once we die, we return to the dust of the earth.

Analysis Of Arthur Miller’s Death Of A Salesman Essay

This American drama was first premiered in 1949. It was an instant success and it also won Arthur Miller a place among one of the best American playwrights of the 20th century. It was a satirical attack on the Great American Dream of prosperity and material wealth and had also challenged the ideals of the past 160 years that constituted such dreams. This exemplary play by Arthur Miller is a modern masterpiece, in which the inherent conditions of human existence and a fierce battle to fight through it, is lived by the protagonist Willy Loman, that finally ends in a tragedy called, death. Willy Loman is a disillusioned sixty three year old man who has trouble distinguishing between past and present, and reality and illusions. His illusory beliefs draw an iron curtain before his sensibilities and he refuses to see the reality of his abject conditions. His tragedy lies in the fierce determination to fight an impossible battle and to seek facile solutions to his severe economic problems. In his relentless pursuit of an unrealistic dream Willy Loman submerges himself in a complete disengagement from reality that brings an end even more tragic than his life. Being an irrepressible old man he never really evaluates or understands the false and incomplete values of a venal American society. He fails to understand the vacuous idea behind the ‘Great American Dream’ and his limitless hope. A similar theme had been portrayed in ‘The Great Gatsby’ (Fitzgerald) where Gatsby was corrupted by money and dishonesty, and the Great American Dream of happiness and individualism disintegrates into mere pursuit of wealth. Although Gatsby had the power to turn his dream into reality, the character of Nick discovers that both Gatsby’s dream and the American dream is over. In the same way, Will’s persistent struggle against the forces of entropy in his life leads him to neurosis, and finally suicide. Theater is an imagined world, inhabited by imaginary characters, but tragedy strikes one and all, and the nature of tragedy is to hit our deepest consciousness and invade our sensibilities with its prolonged stay. Robert A Martin says in his essay, â€Å"The Nature of Tragedy†: â€Å"What the performance of a play gives an audience is less a set of ideas, propositions or abstraction about life and how to live it than what Arthur Miller has called ‘ a felt experience’, the imaginative sharing and participation in the lives and actions of imaginary characters. † In support of what Robert A Martin says, Willy Loman’s character pulls the audience along with its chain of tragedies and leaves one with a feeling of acute distress, but more than â€Å"a felt experience† it also gives one an insight into the inherent realities of human tragedies. In â€Å"Death of a salesman† the audience watch the tragic collapse of a single individual and the tragedy of the entire family, right before their eyes. The audience leave the auditorium with a whole new set of lessons in life and as Martin says â€Å"how to live it. † In his article Robert A Martin also elaborates on the vicarious influences of a tragedy, on the person, who watching it with a detached sense of belongingness. He says, â€Å" Theatre is the art of the possible† and as we read the play we believe that Willy Loman’s tragedies are not unbelievable or fictitious although his character was an imagination of the playwright Arthur Miller. As Aristotle said that Tragedy is something that evokes the emotions of pity and fear in the presence of an action of a certain magnitude. Willy Loman also falls into the trap of tragedy and as the nature of tragedy is, it brings about a fear in him. Willy tries to run away from that fear and refuses to accept his misfortunes and his failures. It mostly happens with dramatic experiences that our thoughts and emotions often correspond with those of the characters we watch in a play –we weep, smile and get moved by their performances. It continues to stimulate and engage us directly in our social, moral and political questions. The audience too goes through an inveterate interchange of pity and fear inside his mind as he watches a human being go through a painful hell, which is in Miller’s view due to his own obduracy. â€Å"Death of a salesman† is not just a tale of tragedy that happens to a broken, exhausted man, but is also a caustic attack on the American Dream of achieving wealth and success with no regards to principals and values of life. Willy Loman became a household name after the play was released and became a profound example of a tragic life, bowed down by struggles to cope up with a capitalistic society. Willy Loman’s tragedy does not lie just in his miserable economic condition, but also in his misplaced sense of pride. In the play he takes loans from his neighbor Charley to make both ends meet, but refuses to accept the offer of a better job from him. His warped sense of pride comes in the way of his chances to improve his conditions. His refusal to accept reality is a tragedy bigger than his dismal life, and it exasperates his son Biff with whom he had a troubled relationship. Willy refused to accept that his sons are also ‘failures’ such as him, and in order to make their lives better he falls into a trap of further hopelessness. A man’s descent to failure is horrendous to contemplate. Whatever line of work you are in, we are all salesmen, selling our products, our services, our selves†. Says Will’s meighbor Charley , in a line that crystallizes the anxiety of uncountable men everywhere, not just in America: â€Å" And when they start not smiling back. † –employers, partners, customers- â€Å" That’s an earthqauke. † ( Kilnghoffer, Undying Salesman, 1999). Willy Loman suffered from a feverish and unrealistic hopefulness and guilt of having failed his sons, and also the refusal to accept certain facts of life. The neurosis that set in him affected his life, and also him led to suicide. His death was perhaps a bigger tragedy than his life because it proved to be the final blow to the grief stricken family. Due to his persistent stubbornness he believed the notion that one is often â€Å"worth more dead than alive† (Miller, Pg76) and commits suicide, so that his family gets the insurance money and his sons lead a better life with that money, than he did when he was alive. Willy did not realize that insurance money is invalidated when a person commits suicide. As Biff says at the graveyard, â€Å" He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong. † In this play tragedy is on two fronts. One is ‘literal’, when Willy dies after an unrelenting wrestle with his fate, and another is a ‘symbolical’ death, that was the death of the American Dream, or ridding of a false notion of perfection. Willy’s guilt, his idolization of his sons and his constantly haunting memory of his brother turns his life into a pitiful tragedy and he lives through it all with an immature sense of unreality. In trying to project himself as an ideal father and salesman he plunges himself into an illusory world where he never really grew up. â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. He had a good dream. It’s the only dream you can have- to come out number –one man. He fought it out here, and this is where I’m gonna win it for him. † (Miller, Death of a Salesman, Act2) The misfortune of Willy was that he tried to retrieve his lost dignity and his family’s love and also a magnified image of himself as an ideal salesman and father, on the last day of his life, and loses all. His complete disengagement from reality is what the tragedy is all about. It evokes the pity and fear that Aristotle spoke about in ‘Poetics’ (330 BC). The character of Willy Loman is befitting the concepts of Aristotle’s’ Tragedy. â€Å"True to life† (realistic), â€Å"consistency† (true to themselves): meaning, once a character’s motivation and personality are established these should continue throughout the play. â€Å"Necessary or probable†: meaning, characters must be logically constructed according to the law of ‘probability or necessity’ that govern the actions of the play. Finally, â€Å"true to life† and yet more beautiful (idealized, ennobled). Death of a Salesman has that true to life aspect, depicting the fact that any middle class man with limited means, would get into the delusionary world of dreams and aspirations of more wealth and the terrifying darkness that lies coiled beneath such unrealism. Consistency of the portrayal is apparent in Loman’s relentless pursuit of an elusive life. The necessary probability is the fact that such a dogged belief in illusionary world nearly always creates a graph of downward slide in a person’s life. True to life, is the condition of tension that is life and human existence. Death of a Salesman is a modern masterpiece that celebrates, as Chris Bigsby expressively states, â€Å" the miracle of human life, in all its bewilderments, its betrayals, its denials, but finally and most significantly, its transcendent worth. † (Poet, 723).

Florida Bar Association Rules of Professional Conduct Essay Example

Florida Bar Association Rules of Professional Conduct Essay Example Florida Bar Association Rules of Professional Conduct Essay Florida Bar Association Rules of Professional Conduct Essay Rules of Professional Conduct (Chapter 4, Rules Regulating The Florida Bar) On This Page I. Issue II. Bar Position III. Background IV. Facts and Statistics [pic] I. Issue On January 1, 1987, the Code of Professional Responsibility ceased to govern lawyers in Florida. The Code was replaced by the Rules of Professional Conduct, which is Chapter 4 of the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar. The new Florida rules, patterned after the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct but stricter in many instances, provide updated ethical standards for attorney behavior and the structure for regulating conduct. Attorneys who violate the rules are subject to disciplinary proceedings brought by the Bar with penalties imposed by the Supreme Court of Florida. Advantages of the new rules include: Greater clarity, therefore promoting greater understanding of professional standards; improving ease of access for the average practitioner and offering a more definite framework for disciplinary procedures. Guidance in many matters not addressed in the Code of Professional Responsibility. New Rules of Discipline (Chapter 3, Rules Regulating The Florida Bar), which took effect at the same time as the Rules of Professional Conduct and amended further March 16, 1990, allow the Bar to publicly acknowledge complaints against attorneys after the Bar has formally filed a complaint against an attorney with the Supreme Court of Florida (cases received before March 17, 1990) and after grievance committee or staff disposition, including dismissals (cases after March 16, 1990). The Bar will be able to acknowledge that fact by citing the attorneys name, the nature of the omplaint and the status of the case. Previously, before January 1, 1987, such information was usually released only after the Supreme Court issued the discipline order often months or years after the formal complaint was filed. The new discipline rules also increase the disbarment period from three to five years (before an attorney can apply for readmission). The rules of discipline were amended with respect to a bolition of the gag rule, substantial reduction in the amount of confidentiality attached to disciplinary cases and to allow for more streamlined grievance committee procedures. : On February 9, 2000, The Florida Bar petitioned the Supreme Court to amend the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar. Some modifications were accepted and are now reflected in the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar. The most recent amendments to Chapters 3 and 4 of the Rules Regulating The Florida Bar were enacted by the Florida Supreme Court in Amendments to Rules Regulating The Florida Bar, 29 Fla. L. Weekly S265 (No. SC03-705, 5/20/2004). Back to Top [pic] II. Bar Position A. American Bar Association Position The Model Rules reflect years of effort by a commission of the ABA. The Florida Bar was active in the development of the Model Rules and many of its recommendations were included in the final Model Rules document. B. The Florida Bar Position Floridas Rules of Professional Conduct are based on the Model Rules with modifications specific to the state. The rules were submitted to the Supreme Court and were approved with minor changes in July 1986. The Rules of Professional Conduct reflect the position of The Florida Bar on matters of attorney conduct and discipline. Back to Top [pic] III. Background A. Historical The first national standards for lawyers were the Canons of Professional Ethics, adopted by the ABA in 1908, and subsequently by most state lawyer regulatory bodies. In 1969 the ABA replaced the Canons with the Code of Professional Responsibility, which was in turn, adopted in varying forms by all state bar associations. In 1977, the ABA leadership determined the code needed reworking and appointed the Commission on the Evaluation of Professional Standards, commonly known as the Kutak Commission. After six years of comment, debate and redrafting, the Kutak Commission proposed its final work product, the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which the ABA adopted in 1983 to replace the Code of Professional Responsibility. The Florida Bar appointed a special study committee of lawyers and law professors from throughout the state to study the proposed rules and make recommendations regarding their adoption in Florida. After thorough review, debate and public hearings, the committee recommended that the rules be adopted with some modifications. The Florida Bars Board of Governors concurred, and after lengthy consideration, the Florida Supreme Court entered its order adopting the rules, effective 12:01 a. m. on January 1, 1987, in place of the Code of Professional Responsibility. B. Format The Code of Professional Responsibility was in a three-part format: the nine Canons, the Ethical Considerations and the Disciplinary rules. The purpose was to state the general maxims in the Canons, and aspirational objectives in the ECs, and the enforceable standards in the DRs. The Kutak Commission found that the Code of Professional Responsibility, including the varying standards found in the Canons, ECs and the DRs, were cumbersome and difficult to apply in the practical resolution of ethical dilemmas arising in the everyday practice of law. With the increasing size of the Bar and the need to provide more effective ethical standards for lawyers, the Kutak Commission believed that the restatement format would make the rules a more useful tool in the practice of law and in disciplinary procedures. The rules also provide substantive guidance in many areas not addressed by the code. The rules abandon the three-part format of the Code. The rules appear in a restatement format, with a total of 50 black letter rules in eight parts (Client-Lawyer Relationship, Counselor, Advocate, Transactions With Persons Other Than Clients, Law Firms and Associations, Public Service, Information About Legal Services, and Maintaining the Integrity of the Profession). Accompanying each rule is a comment explaining the purpose of the rule and providing a guide to interpretation. The comments explain and interpret the rules, but their statements of appropriate conduct, to the extent that they go beyond the actual mandates of the rules themselves, are not mandatory or binding. Back to Top [pic] C. Substantive Some of the areas where The Florida Bar has adopted stricter standards than the ABAs Model Rules include: Client Confidentiality. Florida rules require a lawyer to reveal information to prevent a client from committing a crime or to prevent a death or substantial bodily harm to another. The ABA Model simply leaves revelation of that information to the discretion of the lawyer. Contingency Fees. Florida rules require that all such arrangements in personal injury and property damage cases be in writing and closing statements disbursing such fees also be in writing. Percentage caps are also in place for personal injury and wrongful death cases. The ABA has no such cap requirements. Fee splitting is also addressed in the rules. A client must approve most fee splits before attorneys can share a fee and the closing statement must reflect who received what fees. For the most part, the substantive content of the rules is consistent with the Code of Professional Responsibility that they replace. Some examples of where the rules vary from the code, or address matters not found in the Code include: The rules are consistent with the recent pronouncements of the U. S. Supreme Court on advertising and essentially permit any form of advertising that is not false or misleading. Lawyers are allowed in certain situations (including the aftermath of disasters) to solicit clients through direct mail advertising. Lawyers are required to report ethical violations by other attorneys that raise a substantial question as to the lawyers honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer. Previously, reporting violations by other lawyers was discretionary. The rules permit disciplinary action against a lawyer who knows of serious misconduct by another lawyer but fails to report it. Attorneys have a similar responsibility relative to judicial misconduct. Attorneys are forbidden from using means that have no substantial purpose other than to embarrass, delay or burden a third person and forbidden from making a frivolous discovery request in a pretrial procedure. Lawyers are required to make reasonable efforts to expedite litigation consistent with the interests of the client. Forwarding fees (sometimes called referral fees) are expressly permitted not only when they are divided in proportion to services rendered, but also where each participating lawyer merely assumed joint responsibility with the client consenting in writing. The rules expressly permit lawyers to advance costs contingent upon outcome of litigation. The rules expressly permit a member of a lawyers f irm to be a witness in a trial in which the lawyer is trial counsel. Circumstances in which a lawyer may accept employment adverse to a former client are expressly addressed for the first time. Considerations in corporation representation, including conflicts that may arise within the organization, are treated directly for the first time. The principle of confidentiality between lawyers and clients is expanded from the codes concepts of confidences and secrets to any information relating to representation. The rules expressly permit a lawyer to act as an intermediary between two or more clients in certain circumstances. The rules address the separate responsibilities of senior and subordinate lawyers in law firms, and the responsibilities for legal assistants, for the first time. For the first time, lawyers are allowed to participate in referral services operated by someone other than local bar associations and The Florida Bar. In other words, they can participate in privately ( nonlawyer) operated, for-profit referral services. Back to Top [pic] IV. Facts and Statistics The Florida Bar Lawyer Regulation Department [pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Year |Complaints Received|Disbarments |Suspens- |Public |Resignat- |Admonish- | | | | |ions |Reprimands |ions |ments | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1980-81 |3,648 |15 |38 |18 |4 |87 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1985-86 |6,268 |29 |65 |29 |13 |189 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1990-91 |8,068 |27 |110 |66 |38 |N/A | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1991-92 |8,234 |39 |110 |56 40 |107 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1992-93 |7,497 |33 |128 |48 |37 |142 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1993-94 |7,796 |23 |123 |54 |37 |142 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1994-95 |8,470 |29 |135 |62 |33 |148 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1995 -96 |8,839 |35 |146 |63 |25 |111 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1996-97 |9,436 |36 |127 |66 |36 |88 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1997-98 |9,317 |32 |150 |60 |38 |62 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1998-99 |9,101 |29 |144 |49 |44 |66 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |1999-00 |9,491 |35 |132 |43 |30 |57 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |2000-01 |9,280 |38 |155 |57 |38 |70 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] [pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |2001-02 |8,691 |20 |133 |69 |29 |52 | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |2002-03 |8,671 |40 |116 |43 |26 |70 | Prepared by The Florida Bar Department of Public Information and Bar Services with assistance by the Lawyer Regulation Department and the Ethics and Advertising Department.

Requisitos del acta de nacimiento para Inmigracin

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Tampoco puede realizarla el patrocinador de una  green card.  ¿Quà © hacer cuando no hay acta de nacimiento o contiene errores? En casos muy concretos y extraordinarios no ser posible presentar el acta de nacimiento porque o bien nunca existià ³ o bien los archivos en los que se encontraba se han destruido o no es posible encontrar la anotacià ³n original. Incluso porque el registro del nacimiento no se realizà ³ durante el primer aà ±o de vida. Cuando asà ­ suceda las autoridades de inmigracià ³n permiten presentar documentacià ³n secundaria para probar el nacimiento. En primer lugar, hay que dirigirse al Registro Civil o a la oficina oficial que en la actualidad lleve este asunto en el lugar donde la persona nacià ³ y solicitar que se emita un certificado de falta de registro en el que se seà ±ale claramente que se ha buscado la documentacià ³n solicitada y que no se ha encontrado. 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La vida que espera como residente permanente Ya que muchos de los trmites para los que se solicita un certificado de nacimiento estn relacionados con una peticià ³n de green card es conveniente recordar que el  estatus de residente no es igual al de un ciudadano. Y que la residencia es, sin duda, un privilegio y, como tal, va acompaà ±ada de una serie de obligaciones que hay que cumplir.   Una gran forma de conocer los derechos y las obligaciones y asegurarse de que se conoce todo lo imprescindible para conservar la tarjeta de residencia es completar con à ©xito este test de respuestas mà ºltiples. Un modo fcil y rpido de adquirir informacià ³n fundamental.

Notes On Theories Of Mass Communications Essays - Free Essays

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A review of the literature on the effectiveness of acupuncture on Essay

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Questions - Essay Example The caliphate period also started in this century. In this century Hazrat Ali and his sons were martyred. That was the point when shiism came into being when the opponents regret the martyrdom. The 8th century was known as the golden period of Islam. It’s when Islam gained its roots in the major countries. Many mosques were built; mathematicians were there to invent new solutions such as algebra. The Mongol invasions left a great impact on the Muslim empire. At first it brought glorious days when Babur and Akbar were the rulers but then it declined drastically because they started enjoying the luxuries and forgot about the empire. The wealth was wasted on wars and building palaces. Many rebellions stood up to weaken the empire even more. The Iranian experience is based on the class, cultures and traditions of Iran. The cultures are followed from an Islamic point of view. The class is differentiated on the basis of the wealth the society has. The classes have different views and traditions. For example: The primary source of kinship is security. Zoroastrianism is the pre-Islamic religion which emerged in Iran (previously known as Persia) and established its roots in India. The followers believe in one invisible God and one sacred book. Their beliefs are laid upon the monotheistic and dualistic

Performance Measurement Essay Example for Free

Performance Measurement Essay Nowadays, businesses operate in an uncertain environment and the managers can never know what will happen in the future (Arnold, 2005). Meanwhile, the economic crisis has turned that world upside down; it is a change for ever. The global economy was changed during the past two decades; because of globalization, the firms are not only trade or invest in the company’s domicile, but also trade or invest in other countries. Then management will face a lot of business risk in global economy. There are many different way to define risk; simply, risks are opportunities to be seized. Risk management identifies risks with new opportunities to increase the probability of positive outcomes and maximize returns. The aim of this essay is identify the global challenges and risks and analyze the techniques available to financial managers to deal with risk when trading or investing in countries outside of the company’s domicile. In the structure, firstly evaluate the current global economic situation and what is the challenge in this global economic situation. Secondly, identify the risks do companies face operation in uncertain global economy. Finally, it will consider and analyze the techniques available to financial managers to deal with risk when trading or investing in countries outside of the company’s domicile. Outline of this essay, It is no doubt that today it is a globalization, however, due to the global economic crisis in 2008, the global economy is uncertainly and unstable. According to Arnold (2005) businesses operate in an uncertain environment and the managers can never know what will happen in the future. The global economy is divided into several situations.The one is low-income countries which CNI per capita of less than $936 and these countries have such serous social, political problems and economic that they represent limited opportunities for operations and investment. The next one is lower-middle-income countries which with a CNI per capita between $938 and $3705, such as Indonesia, Thailand and China. The consumer markets countries are increasing rapidly. Then is the upper-middle-income countries which with CNI per capita between $3706 and $11455, Such as Chile, Malaysia, Venezuela. In these countries, they have strong education systems and high literacy rates, although wages are still significantly lower than in the advanced countries, it is rising rapidly. The last one is high-income countries which with CNI per capital higher or equal $11456. Such as Japan, Sweden, United States, Germany. (Keegan, Creen. 2011) However, the most representatives of current global economy situation are UE, USA, China

Mission And Vision Of Etihad Airways Tourism Essay

Mission And Vision Of Etihad Airways Tourism Essay 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify the Mission and Vision of Etihad Airways. The national flag carrier of the UAE, Etihad Airways and its journey so far since its inception in 2003 have come a long way to exudes in class, quality and ample hospitality which were crucial for the airliner to create a competitive edge in the industry at large and in the market often known for its competitive environment. However, the bigger challenge is staying at the top and progressing further in such volatile market environment. Taking a tour of the company website (www.etihadairways.com) we come to the knowledge that Etihad and its services in the industry is at par with world class expectations. Hence it will be proper if we analyze all the relevant factors of the structural process of the company and how it functions day in and day out in setting a road map for itself to be recognized as one of the fastest growing national flag carrier of the UAE, and a competitor in the industry. And the following discussion relates to each aspect the macro-economics analysis, PESTLE concepts, and SWOT analysis. Mission and Vision of Etihad Airways Before we attempt to identify the vision and mission of Etihad airlines, it will be proper to relate on Etihad story and its making. In that essence, the corporate communication from the airliner part describes how in particular the airline is different from the maddening crowd. In addition to put pleasure back into flying is also one of the airliner motto and narrative of an account of their cultural aspects. (Etihadairways, 2010) We can further add that the vision of Etihad airline is also closely linked to its Arabian heritage in particular. Take for instance the corporate communication in that regard, which states that reflecting the national identity of the country and its Arabian heritage and hospitality is one dominant factor, where cultured approaches to hospitality, apart from considerate, generous and warm hospitality are at the roots of Etihad cultural blend. The vision of the airline is also to become one of the global airliners that exude a truly 21st century, where challenges, and changing environment, plus an engaging vision to break the convention, (Etihad, 2010) constitutes its deep rooted vision. Thus, Etihad Airways mission like any considerate corporate is to give a refreshing welcoming to their guest, where travel should be safe and secure in an environment that is friendly, and where global standards in both terms is practiced, be it hospitality or in the technical aspects in assuring a safe journey for its guests. (Etihad, 2010) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How is the Macro-Environment of Etihad Airways in UAE? Analyze the influences of the PESTLE variables in the decision making. Macro-Environment of Etihad Airways in UAE In economic terms, macro-environment relates to factors that are uncontrollable and that which are fluctuating. Thus, in macro-economics sense, and when it concerns businesses, macro-level criteria includes objectively based variables and factors such as social, cultural, technological and the likes of political forces, languages, religion geography, economics blocs, (Mooij, 2004, p. 55) etc, which plays a significant role in deciding organizational comparative management in a global economy. Hence, it is no different when it concerns Etihad as well in that regard, given that market forces at times plays a crucial role in deciding the company strategies and its management, where the understanding of convergence and divergence at the macro-level is very important (Mooij, 2004, p. 56) especially for airliner that face a competitive environment in the global industry. Nonetheless, to be more precise in reflecting the macro-environment of Etihad Airways, news reports gives thumbs up for the Etihad in terms of macro-environment factorial aspects, given that the airline recently extended its market cap and global networks, where an agreement was singed with Yemen airways. (Karam, 2008)Hence in economic sense, the agreement with Yemen airlines will gives Etihad customers a higher hand in the two way travel and in the meantime it will also gives Yemen Airways customer an access to Etihad airways networks, say CEO of the company, James Hogan. (Karam, 2008) In such respect to the development of the macro-environment factors, it appears that Ethiad is very well placed in terms of its competitiveness. And the first quarter growth for the financial years ending 2010, Etihad reported a 25.4% jump in its growth, which as per industry wise comparison is way above, due to factors such as the increase in numbers of seats in Etihad, which is one crucial investment that decided the airline fate accordingly. (BIStaffReporter, 2010) Thus, the above news report is one good example to reflect the macro-environment of Etihad airways in UAE, and a fact that Etihad stood the test of time in macro-economic sense. Influences of the PESTLE variables in the decision making In the case of Etihad, it is assumed that decision making is also at the roots of management imbroglio. However, what surprises us is the fact that Etihad in all instances involving its strategies have come out with flying colors and success. That makes it curious to reflect on how the PESTLE variables influence decision making at Etihad. But what is a PESTLE variable? Understood in simple terms, PESTLE variable or PESTLE analysis of macro-environment reflect the macro economic concepts such as the one discussed above. In addition taxes, new laws and the likes of governmental policies etc, also influences firms decision making. (OxfordUniversityPress, 2007) Hence, A PESTEL variable constitutes the factors that are relevant to influence decision making. It can take the form of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and finally Legal factors which defines the environment of a company. (OxfordUniversityPress, 2007) Laying emphasis to this notion, we can drive home the facts that Etihad Airways is in line with respecting all the environmental regulation while conducting business. The partnership with Masdar signed in 2009 is one crucial factor on the environmental front and decision reached in that regard. (EtihadAirways1, 2010) On the political factors, Etihad is known be compliant with local and foreign policy makers, be it in US, UK and in UAE. Moreover, on the legal factors, its influences are paramount concerning Etihad management. Moreover, technological and social aspects also take centre stage in influencing decision at Etihad, and the following SWOT analysis bears testimonial. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct a SWOT Analysis of the Internal and External environment of Etihad Airways. Concluding on SWOT analysis: The Internal and External environment of Etihad Airways Strength: The biggest strength of Etihad can be laid emphasis to its world class services. And as a competitor in the market, Etihad awards itself speaks volume on this front. (EtihadAirways2, 2010) Weakness: When it matter to Etihad weaker points, news report relates that its cargo division present some of it, given that revenue factors are also considerably made out from cargo operations. Without any strategic outline, cargo division suffers. However, with new leadership in line and strategic development undertaken, there is a positive scope that such weakness also can be overcome, say Etihad insiders. (KhaleejTimes, 2010) Opportunities: As we have related above, Etihad Airways is in the process of numerous agreements, be it with Yemen Airlines as related above, or the likes of expanding its destination far and wide in foreign markets. Hence, the international Air Service Contract awarded by the Federal Government of Australia very recently as reported in AmeInfo.com (AmeInfo, 2010) presents the opportunistic platform of the company, we can conclude. Threats: In the global environment, threats are paramount, especially concerning airline industry. In that respect, Etihad has taken special measure to update and keep it guest informed of any changes in regulation, be it in the domestic or international routes, (AmeInfo1, 2006) in order to avoid with any issue that may arise due to business threats.

Abortion: Pro-life! :: essays research papers

Every day, an overwhelming amount of human beings’ lives are terminated. The culprit: unwanted pregnancies. Many woman are (not by choice), becoming pregnant as a result of unsafe sex, rape, and other things. So what is one to do when they discover that they’re pregnant? They have some alternatives: (1) have the child and raise it (2) have the child, then give it up for adoption (3) get an abortion. Sadly, many women choose alternative three, unaware of what they’re getting themselves into. Abortion is very cruel to the baby and even harms the mother. It is murder!There are many different procedures for abortions, all gruesome and pain inflicting on the baby. Suction Aspiration (vacuum curettage) makes up for 98% of first trimester abortions. The cervix is first dilated. Then a suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted which rips the baby to pieces. It then sucks out all the remains. If the mother waits until the third trimester (when the baby is more developed), then she must have Partial Birth Abortion. Using Ultra-sound, the doctor grabs the baby’s legs and forces out all but the head. Scissors are then jammed into the back of the skull and opened, creating a larger hole. A suction tube sucks the brains out, causing the skull to collapse. Then the dead baby is removed.Believe it or not, the mother is also harmed. In Suction Aspiration, if any tissue is left inside, it’ll become infected. For Methoxotrexate Injection, another type of abortion, Methoxotrexate can produce ill side effects such as anemia, nausea, cancer, lung disease, and heavy bleeding. Just think of the mental trauma the mother is also feeling. She has the forever-guilty conscience of being responsible for her own child’s death. Many mothers say, "I’ll regret it for the rest of my life.""I feel like crawling into a hole and dying," says another mother after the operation.A common argument is that abortion isn’t murder because the baby isn’t alive. But on the contrary: life begins at conception. After only 18 days, the heart is formed, and after 20 the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system are developing. A mere four days later, the heart starts beating. Is abortion murder though? According to the Webster Dictionary, abortion is to terminate a pregnancy because the baby is not capable of living.

Work Trends - Contractors, Temporary Workers, Annualised Hours :: Business Management Studies

Work Trends - Contractors, Temporary Workers, Annualised Hours Changing working environments Trends  · Use of contractors  · More temporary workers  · Annualised hours  · More part-time working  · Self-employment  · Hiring consultants Employers Advantages Disadvantages 1. Less cost less employment costs helping the business compete 2. Hiring consultants bring experts into the business 3. business can cope with sudden and unexpected changes in sale 4. Less hiring costs 5. Les costs. Flexible workforce can reduce employment costs, helping a business to compete more effectively with other businesses 6. Using a consultants and self-employed people bring expertise into the business 7. The use of consultants and self-employed people means that businesses do not have to pay to them 1. Difficult to communicate with P/T and temporary workers-don’t know them 2. More labour turn over 3. Poor reputation as employers Good effects o employees  · Some employees, such as these with responsibilities for looking after young children, want only part-time or temporary work. They would be happy to be part of a flexible workforce  · Working as part of a team can be a good experience. Employees may enjoy working with other people and learning from more experienced workers. Research says that working in tem can raise morale  · Some employees may prefer to be employed as teleworkers, working from home. Teleworkers do not have the cost and the bother of travelling to work everyday. They can live where they wish and need not to be close to the business that employs them Bad effects on employees  · Some workers may be very dissatisfied with temporary contracts. They might want the security of a permanent job and not feel committed to the business. They may feel unsettled and want to look for other work

A Comparative Film Review Essay

Today, the depiction of war is becoming more vivid and realistic. Audiences are more critical of how a move catches the actual events that transpired and of how they can relate to the emotions in the movie. The movies â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† and â€Å"We Were Soldiers† are two of the most popular modern day films with the subject of two different wars, World War II and Vietnam War respectively. They have similarities in many aspects However, they have even more differences. They have completely different themes, and completely different objectives. This paper explores on how these two films are alike and how they differ. When Duty Calls: A Comparative Film Review There has been much development in the movie industry since the onset of computer graphic imaging. This technology has enabled producers to depict subjects that were considered impossible. Today, humans are capable of transcending limitations on time and cultural differences. They can reenact historical events, reconstruct buildings, and recreate natural sceneries. Equipped with a blue screen, computers, and actors, an entire war can commence right before an audience. With both simple and complicated movie techniques, anything is accomplished. The movies â€Å"Saving Private Ryan† and â€Å"We Were Soldiers† share a common subject – and this is war. This topic has interested the curiosity of millions of viewers since time immemorial, as those who have witnessed it want to confirm the events and those who did not wish to learn the events. Both tackled common themes and presented different angles of a war. They share many similarities and possess many differences. But there is one significant aspect that both these movies have successfully translated. This is the price that war claims to those it chooses to affect (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). Both stories of these masterpieces were derived from two of the most engaging events in the history of mankind. Saving Private Ryan was based on the life of a real individual named Sergeant Frederick Niland, a United States paratrooper sent to France on D-Day. We Were Soldiers, on the other hand, is a version of the book written by Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway about the military engagement in the la Drang Valley in 1965. Both contained fictional characters and modified events, but little truths must be altered in order for the actual truth to emerge (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). Saving Private is neither a biopic nor a tale of heroism. Its story is a protest against the wraths of war and how humans condemn it. It has clear anti-war sentiments, as characters struggled through the horrors of war and suffered both insanity and distraught. The D-Day amphibious invasion at Normandy was an excellent prologue to the film. It had brutal depictions on the consequences of being a soldier, on the gruesome reality of battles, and the uncertainty of life. It is a story of comradeship, of realization of fears, and living an inch away from death (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). In addition, We Were Soldiers is a film that shares absence of political themes of war. The primary objective of both movies is to relay to the audiences the lives of soldiers as soldiers, who are entities that can be separated from the entire picture of military and political debate. They are men who chose to be in the line of duty and take arms in order to fight for what they believe is righteous. But We Were Soldiers portrayed a relatively more intimate aspect, the scenario of the soldiers’ relationships with those they left at home. It prudently conveyed the lives that soldiers have before they leave for an assignment and after they have accomplished their missions (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). In the sequence where Mel Gibson with Madeline Stowe and Chris Klein with Keri Russell were spending their last night together prior the soldiers’ departure for war, the intense emotions were effectively depicted. It relayed the fear being contained when lovers are being parted without any assurance of reunification. It is a scene where there is pain because of the uncertain. Another important aspect of war that this movie portrayed was not only the lives of men in the battle zones, but also those of their families awaiting their return. In the scene where the women would gather together and watch television for updates, one would feel the intensity of fear that these women are trying to suppress within. They would not want to cry until they hear something concrete, but just the prospect of losing their husbands is cruel. Every knock on their door was a possibility of the word that they have lost their beloved men (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). Both movies focused on a hero, an officer of a military unit. Tom Hanks was the captain in charge of a platoon assigned to search for Private James Ryan while Mel Gibson was also the captain leading his men through Vietnamese jungles. In Saving Private Ryan, heroism is to fulfill one’s duty, regardless of its nature. As long as it contributes to the efforts of war, and that it is a soldier’s mission, then one is to be considered a genuine soldier. In We Were Soldiers, heroism is making a decision, although detrimental for a certain number of people but crucial for the entire outcome of the war. Saving Private Ryan was not a film about a country’s victory or defeat. It is a story of personal victory in one’s struggle to maintain his conviction amidst a world gone half mad. We Were Soldiers, in contrast, is about how a military unit lost a critical battle and most of the men involved (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). Both shaped the American understanding of the realities of war. Because of these movies, the public has learned to further their appreciation of the sacrifices that men in uniform give in order for peace to prevail. The price is clear, their lives and the structure of their families are put in the line of fire each time they board the helicopters or boats in order to fight in the beaches or jungles. Both movies gave significance to the human side of war, concentrating on the people that comprise a war and how a war shaped these people (Spielberg, 1998; Wallace, 2002). References Spielberg, S. (Director). (1998). Saving Private Ryan. [Motion Picture]. United States: Amblin Entertainment. Wallace, R. (Director). (2002). We Were Soldiers. [Motion Picture]. United States: Icon

Native American Tribes in Virginia and Powhatan the Powhatan

The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan and Powhaten), is the name of a Virginia Indian[1] tribe. It is also the name of a powerful group of tribes which they dominated. It is estimated that there were about 14,000-21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. [2] They were also known as Virginia Algonquians, as they spoke an eastern-Algonquian language known as Powhatan.In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a mamanatowick (paramount chief)[3] named Wahunsunacawh created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tributary peoples, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia, called Tsenacommacah (â€Å"densely-inhabited Land†),[4] Wahunsunacawh came to be known by the English as â€Å"Chief Powhatan. † Each of the tribes within this organization had its own weroance (chief), but all paid tribute to Chief Powhatan. [5] After Chief Powhatan's death in 1618, hostilities with colonists escalated under the chiefdom of his brother, Opechancanough, who sought in vain to drive off the encroaching English.His large-scale attacks in 1622 and 1644 met strong reprisals by the English, resulting in the near elimination of the tribe. By 1646 what is called the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom by modern historians had been largely destroyed. In addition to the ongoing conflicts with the ever-expanding English settlements and their inhabitants, the Powhatan suffered a high death rate due to infectious diseases, maladies introducted to North America by the Europeans to which the Native Americans of the United States had developed no natural immunities.By this time, the leaders of the colony were desperate for labor to develop the land. Almost half of the English and European immigrants arrived as indentured servants. As colonial expansion continued, the colonists imported growing numbers of enslaved Africans for labor. By 1700 the colonies had about 6,000 black slaves, one-twelfth of the population. It was commo n for black slaves to escape and join the surrounding Powhatan; white servants were also noted to have joined the Indians.Africans and whites worked and lived together; some natives also intermarried with them. After Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, the colony enslaved Indians for control. In 1691 the House of Burgesses abolished Indian slavery; however, many Powhatan were held in servitude well into the 18th century. [6] In the 21st century, eight Indian tribes are recognized by the state as having ties with the original Powhatan complex chiefdom. [7] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi are the only two peoples who have retained reservation lands from the 17th century. 5] The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united temporarily through the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their son Thomas Rolfe was the ancestor of many Virginians; thus, many of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian[1] ancestry. History [edit] Naming and terminology T he name â€Å"Powhatan† is believed to have originated as the name of the village or town that Wahunsunacawh came from. The official title Chief Powhatan used by the English is believed to have been derived from the name of this location.Although the specific situs of his home village is unknown, in modern times, the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End portion of the modern-day city of Richmond, Virginia is thought by many to be in the general vicinity of the original village. Tree Hill Farm, which is situated in nearby Henrico County a short distance to the east, is also considered as the possible site. â€Å"Powhatan† was also the name used by the natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the head of navigation. The English colonists chose to name it instead for their own leader, King James I.Many features in the early years of the Virginia Colony were named in honor of the king, as well as his three children, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles. Although portions of Virginia's longest river upstream from Columbia were much later named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, in modern times, it is called the James River. It extends from Hampton Roads westerly to the confluence of the Jackson River and Cowpasture River near the town of Clifton Forge. (The Rivanna River, a tributary of the James River, and Fluvanna County, each survive as named in legacy to Queen Anne).However, the only water body in Virginia to retain a name which honors the Powhatan peoples is Powhatan Creek, located in James City County near Williamsburg. Powhatan County and its county seat at Powhatan, Virginia were honorific names established years later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. The county was formed in may, 1777. [edit] Complex chiefdom Likewise, perhaps more significant misnomers are the terms â€Å"Powhatan Confederacy† and â€Å"Powhatan Confederation. This grouping of tribes is clearly not best-defined in modern terms as a confederacy. That word is generally thought of as a grouping of entities each with greater individual power than the group when united. In many uses, a confederacy is distinctly different in structure from a centralized greater power than the parts, such as the current federal structure of the United States. Many historians attribute to a minor level the failure of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War in part to the weakness of the central government in comparison to the Union. It is important for a reader to note that most historians do not consider this difference as one of the major weaknesses leading to the Southern loss. However, the term Confederacy has become associated with the principal of states' rights versus the central U. S. government). Using the word â€Å"confederacy† to define the Powhatan tribes extant in 1607 can therefore, be misleading when seeking to understand these people, their governments and their culture. It is true that the various tribes each held some individual powers locally.Each had a chief known as a weroance (male) or, more rarely, a weroansqua (female), meaning â€Å"commander,† [8]. As of 2010, we do not know to what degree most of the various tribes belonged to the group by choice or perhaps by coercion or even greater force. As early as the era of John Smith of Virginia, the individual tribes of this grouping were clearly recognized by the English as falling under the greater authority of the centralized power (whatever it is labeled) led by the chiefdom of Chief Powhatan (c. June 17, 1545 – c. 1618), whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh or (in 17th century English spelling) Wahunsunacock. 9]. At the time of the 1607 English Settlement at Jamestown, he ruled primarily from Werowocomoco, which was located on northern shore of the York River. This location of Werowocomoco, itself only rediscovered in the early 21st century, was very central to locations of the various tr ibes. The improvements discovered during archaeological research at Werowocomoco have reinforced the paramount chiefdom of Chief Powhatan over the other tribes in the power hierarchy. Such issues in other cultures and the definitions are covered at some length by author Robert L.Carneiro in his 1981 work on anthropology, The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World. The center of power held by Chief Powhatan (and his several successors) is much more concisely defined as a â€Å"complex chiefdom. † [10] To refer to this complex chiefdom, the term â€Å"Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom† has become favored. Over time, this and other revisions to the knowledge and information available about the Powhatan peoples native to Virginia will undoubtedly be made as research work at Werowocomoco and elsewhere continues in the 21st century. See also: Werowocomoco edit] Chief Powhatan builds his chiefdom Wahunsunacawh had inherited control over just six tribes, but dominated more than thirty by the time the English settlers established their Virginia Colony at Jamestown in 1607. The original six constituent tribes in Wahunsunacock's group were: the Powhatan (proper), the Arrohateck, the Appamattuck, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi, and the Chiskiack. He added the Kecoughtan to his fold by 1598. Some other affiliated groups included the Youghtanund, Rappahannocks, Moraughtacund, Weyanoak, Paspahegh, Quiyoughcohannock, Warraskoyack, and Nansemond.Yet another closely related tribe in the midst of these others, all speaking the same language, was the Chickahominy, who managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. In his famous work Notes on the State of Virginia (1781–82), Thomas Jefferson estimated that the Powhatan Confederacy occupied about 8,000 square miles (20,000 km2) of territory, with a population of about 8,000 people, of whom 2400 were warriors. [11] Later scholars estimated the population o f the paramountcy[clarification needed] as 15,000. [edit] The English settlers in the land of the Powhatan John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a fanciful image of Opechancanough from Smith's General History of Virginia (1624). The image of Opechancanough is based on a 1585 painting of another native warrior by John White[1] The Powhatan Confederacy were the Indians among whom the English made their first permanent settlement in North America. This contributed to their downfall. Conflicts began immediately; the English colonists fired shots as soon as they arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish prior to their arrival). Within two weeks of the English arrival atJamestown, deaths had occurred. The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for food. Captain Christopher Newport led the first English exploration party up the James River in 1607, when he met Parahunt, weroance of the Powhatan proper. The E nglish initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (mamanatowick), who was in fact his father, Wahunsunacawh. On a hunting and trade mission on the Chickahominy River in December 1607, Captain John Smith, later president of the colony, was captured by Opechancanough, the younger brother of Wahunsunacawh.Smith became the first Englishman to meet the paramount chief, Powhatan. According to Smith's account, Pocahontas, Wahunsunacawh's daughter, prevented her father from executing Smith. Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century Powhatan adoption ceremonies. They note that an execution ritual is different from known rites of passage.Other historians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only add ed it to his 1624 memoir, after Pocahontas had become famous. In 1608, Captain Newport realized that Powhatan's friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony. In the summer of that year, he tried to â€Å"crown† the paramount Chief, with a ceremonial crown, to make him an English â€Å"vassal. [12] They also gave Powhatan many European gifts, such as a pitcher, feather mattress, bed frame, and clothes. The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules: â€Å"he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher,† and â€Å"he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher. † To finish the â€Å"coronation†, several English had to lean on Powhatan's shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man.Afterwards, the English might have thought that Powhatan had submitted to King James, whereas Powhatan likely thought nothing of the sort. [13] In fact, only by being warned beforehand by a sympathizing servant, was an assassination plot led by braves averted (the British also refused to let the natives take their muskets for â€Å"safekeeping†). [citation needed] After John Smith became president of the colony, he sent a force under Captain Martin to occupy an island in Nansemond territory and drive the inhabitants away. At the same time, he sent another force with Francis West to build a fort at the James River falls.He purchased the nearby fortified Powhatan village (present site of Richmond, Virginia) from Parahunt for some copper and an English servant named Henry Spelman, who wrote a rare firsthand account of the Powhatan ways of life. Smith then renamed the village â€Å"Nonsuch†, and tried to get West's men to live in it. Both these attempts at settling beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistan ce. Smith left Virginia for England in October 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident.Soon afterward, the English established a second fort, Fort Algernon, in Kecoughtan territory. The Coronation of Powhatan, oil on canvas, John Gadsby Chapman, 1835 In November 1609, Captain John Ratcliffe was invited to Orapakes, Powhatan's new capital. After he had sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out between the colonists and the Powhatan. All of the English ashore were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe. Those aboard the pinnace escaped and told the tale at Jamestown. During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents.The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, (Lord Delaware) in June of 1610 signalled the beginning of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. A brief period of peace came on ly after the capture of Pocahontas, her baptism, and her marriage to tobacco planter John Rolfe in 1614. Within a few years both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. The Chief died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died while in England. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory.After Wahunsunacawh's death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother Opechancanough. In 1622 and 1644 he attacked the English to force them from Powhatan territories. Both these attempts were met with strong reprisals from the English, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The Second Anglo–Powhatan War that followed the 1644 incident ended in 1646, after Royal Governor of Virginia William Berkeley's forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old.While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him. He was succeeded as Weroance by Necoto wance, and later by Totopotomoi and by his daughter Cockacoeske. The Treaty of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the united confederacy, as white colonists were granted an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then occupying the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck.While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the House of Burgesses lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649. Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as Chickacoan, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations. In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the Treaty of Albany in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished.Red line s hows boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes, as established by the Treaty of 1646. Red dot on river shows Jamestown, capital of Virginia Colony. [edit] Capitals of the Powhatan people The capital village of â€Å"Powhatan† was believed to be in the present-day Powhatan Hill section of the eastern part of Richmond, Virginia, or perhaps nearby in a location which became part of Tree Hill Farm. Another major center of the confederacy about 75 miles (121 km) to the east was called Werowocomoco. It was located near the north bank of the York River in present-day Gloucester County.Werowocomoco was described by the English colonists as only 15 miles (24 km) as the crow flies from Jamestown, but also described as 25 miles (40 km) downstream from present-day West Point, measurements which conflict with each other. In 2003 archaeologists initiated excavations at a site in Gloucester County that have revealed an extensive indigenous settlement from about 1200 ( the late Woodland period) through the early Contact period. Work since then has added to their belief that this is the location of Werowocomoco. The site is on a farm bordering n Purtain Bay of the York River, about 12 nautical miles (22 km) from Jamestown. The more than 50 acres (200,000 m2) residential settlement extends up to 1,000 feet (300 m) back from the river. In 2004, researchers excavated two curving ditches of 200 feet (60 m) at the far edge, which were constructed about 1400 CE. In addition to extensive artifacts from hundreds of years of indigenous settlement, researchers have found a variety of trade goods related to the brief interaction of Native Americans and English in the early years of Jamestown.Around 1609, Wahunsunacock shifted his capital from Werowocomoco to Orapakes, located in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River, near the modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, he moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, not far from where his brother Opechancanough ruled one of the member tribes at Youghtanund. [edit] Characteristics The Powhatan lived east of the fall line in Tidewater Virginia.They built their houses, called yehakins, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. They supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially maize, but they also fished and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of a number of related families organized in tribes led by a chief (weroance/werowance or weroansqua if female). They paid tribute to the paramount chief (mamanatowick), Powhatan. [3] According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan â€Å"men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers.The English described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and were strong because of the hours they spent tending crops, pounding corn into meal, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes. † [14] All of Virginia's natives practiced agriculture. They periodically moved their villages from site to site.Villagers cleared the fields by felling, girdling, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the slash and stumps. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted. The inhabitants then moved on. With every change in location, the people used fire to clear new land. They left more cleared land behind. The natives also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called â€Å"barrens† by European colonis ts. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds.Bison had migrated to this area by the early 15th century. [15] [edit] The Powhatan people today [edit] State and federal recognition As of 2010, the state of Virginia has recognized eight Powhatan Indian-descended tribes in Virginia. Collectively, the tribes currently have 3,000-3,500 enrolled as tribal members. [16] It is estimated, however, that 3 to 4 times that number are eligible for tribal membership. [12] Two of these tribes, the Mattaponi and Pamunkey, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in King William County, Virginia.Since the 1990s, the Powhatan Indian tribes which have state recognition, along with the other Virginia Indian tribe which has state recognition, have been seeking federal recognition. It has been a difficult process. They have been hampered by the lack of official records verifying heritage and by the historical misclassification of family members in the 1930s and 1940s, largel y a result of Virginia's state policy of race classification on official documents.After Virginia passed stringent segregation laws in the early 20th century and ultimately the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed black, Walter Plecker, the head of Vital Statistics office, directed all state and local registration offices to use only the terms â€Å"white† or â€Å"colored† to denote race on official documents and thereby eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. All state documents, including birth certificates, death certificates, marriage licenses, tax forms and land deeds, thus bear no record of Virginia Indians.Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for several decades, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a personal interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. As a follower of the eugenics movement and, by modern day standards, a white supremacist, Plecker fal sely surmised that there were no true Virginia Indians remaining as years of intermarriage has diluted the race. Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all bi-racial and multi-racial individuals as black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white.The effect of his reclassification has been described by tribal members as â€Å"paper genocide†. Initially, the Virginia tribes' efforts to gain federal recognition encountered resistance due to federal legislators' concerns over whether gambling would be established on their lands if recognition were granted, as it would raise federal tax concerns and also casinos are illegal in Virginia. In March 2009, five of the state-recognized Powhatan Indian tribes and the one other state-recognized Virginia Indian tribe introduced a bill to gain federal recognition through an act of Congress. The bill, â€Å"The Thomasina E.Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act†, included a section forbidding the tribes from opening casinos, even if casinos became legal in Virginia. The House Committee on Natural Resources recommended the bill be considered by the US House of Representatives at the end of April, the House approved the bill on June 3, 2009. The bill was then sent to the Senate's Committee on Indian Affairs, who recommended it be heard by the Senate as a whole in October. On December 23, 2009, the bill was placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar under general orders, which is where the bill is currently.